In Chinese history, after the northern nomadic regime entered the Central Plains, when ruling the Central Plains, they often had a process of gradually adapting to the Han farming culture. In this process, it was generally accompanied by huge damage to agricultural productivity and barbaric national oppression on the Han people. The Northern Wei established by the Xianbei, Liao established by the Khitan, Jin established by the Jurchen, and Yuan dynasty established by the Mongolians were all like this, and the Qing court was no exception. At the beginning of entering the pass, it also implemented a series of ethnic oppression policies and other bad policies, which brought serious disasters to the Han people in the Central Plains, leaving the Qing Dynasty a very generous page in Chinese history. A brief summary was made that the Qing Dynasty implemented a total of ten bad policies, as follows:
1. "Circle Field"
In the 15th to 18th centuries, during the disintegration of feudal serfdom, the emerging bourgeoisie and new aristocrats in Britain drove farmers away from the land through violence, occupied farmers' share of land and public land, deprived farmers of their land use rights and ownership, restricted or abolished the original common arable land and animal husbandry rights, occupied the occupied land, and turned it into a private large ranch and farm. This is the "land enclosure movement" in British history. In the middle of the 17th century, there was also a "land enclosure movement" in China, but the nature of the two and
There are worlds of difference in the influence: Britain achieved the transformation of feudal system to capitalist production relations through the enclosure movement, and finally established a capitalist social system through the bourgeois revolution in the mid-16th century. The "Empire on the Sun" began to rise with its head high and entered glory; while the enclosure movement of the Qing Dynasty, which flourished at the same time, was a huge destruction of social productivity without any historical progress. After entering the pass, the Qing rulers occupied the land of the Han people in 500 miles around Beijing to the Eight Banners soldiers on a large scale.
The Han people were swept out. The method of implementation was to "run and enclose land", that is, let the Eight Banners soldiers run fast and whip to all the land within that distance belonged to them. There were three large-scale enclosures. The first time, on November 22, the first year of Shunzhi, the land enclosure order was issued, and all the land unowned land in all counties near Beijing, as well as the deserted fields left by the royal relatives, princes, princes, marquis, bons, and eunuchs died in the war to the kings, ministers, and soldiers. In September of the second year, the Qing court issued the second land enclosure order, and the scope of enclosure was expanded to Hejian, Luanzhou, Zunhua, and Shun in Zhili.
Defu, Jinan Prefecture, Shandong Province, Dezhou, Linqing, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, Shanxi Province, Lu'an Prefecture, Pingyang Prefecture, and Puzhou were also distributed to them because of the Eight Banners soldiers. The land was enclosed for the third time in the first month of the fourth year, with a range of 42 prefectures including Shuntian, Baoding, Hejian, Yizhou, Zunhua, and Yongping. The land occupied a total of about 160,000 yuan in three times. According to historical records, "Where the land was enclosed, the landlord was expelled from the house, and all of them were possessed." (Shi Dun's "Miscellaneous Notes on the Lost Remnants. Lost Field") The vast majority of landless Han farmers were displaced and wandered around!
2. Issue the "Fugitive Law"
The arrest of fugitives was another evil policy implemented by the Manchu nobles in the early Qing Dynasty. Although it aroused fierce opposition from the Han officials and the people, the Qing court rulers stubbornly insisted on protecting the interests of Manchuria, which became a major issue of concern to the government and the opposition. The issue of fugitives has a long history. In the late Ming Dynasty, the Qing army captured a large number of Han people in many battles in Liaodong and in Jifu, Shandong and other places, and they were rewarded to serve as slaves. The Han people who were forced to be slaves themselves lived a life of no freedom, and their descendants could not get rid of the fate of being enslaved for generations.
Some of them committed suicide due to their desperate situation. In the early years of Kangxi, "there are no less than 2,000 servants of the Eight Banners who committed suicide every year." Emperor Kangxi also said: "It must be because the head of the family is too strict and it is difficult to survive. The extreme situation is forced." And more people embarked on the road of escape, many of them were Han people who were looted as slaves in the war. They were eager to lose their family and hoped to one day break free from the shackles and reunite with their relatives in their hometown. As a result, a large number of slaves under their posts fled in North China and other places in the early Qing Dynasty. In May of the third year of Shunzhi, Dorgon said in his resignation to the Ministry of War.
: "In just a few months, tens of thousands of fugitives have been fled." The large number of slaves under his ranks directly affected the "lives" of people at all levels in Manchuria. In order to safeguard the interests of the Manchus and their own rule, the Qing court strictly implemented the "Survey Law". The arrest of fugitives caused countless disasters to the Han people, and the public was uneasy, causing a series of serious social problems. Historical records: "The worst fugitives at the beginning of the country. Fugitives, and those under the evasion of all directions were also affected. One person seized, one or twenty families, even fifty or sixty people. The families they obtained were all over the country.
The bankruptcy is lost; wherever it passes, it may be only a meal or a night, and it will be investigated every day, and it will be implicated in the neighbors of the local area. Therefore, countless innocent people will be burdened by the fugitives. Whenever a fugitive is fugitive, the records of the history of the people will be released first, and then the county will be released. The county officials regard the fugitives as if they were superiors, and dare not scold them. However, the person who is imprisoned is strictly informed, and the fugitives will be temporarily sent to the prison, and the prisoners will be held temporarily, so they will not come. The trash officials and jailers will also lead the harm of wealth and wealth from the wealthy family. The fugitives will be held high in prison, but the fugitives will not know how many of them will be destroyed."
3. Issue the "investment and recharge law"
In the spring of 1645, the Regent Dorgon promulgated the law of subsidy. The provisions were: First, the officials and people of the Eight Banners were allowed to recruit poor people; second, the people who were subsidy were slaves, and the masters could buy and sell them. The result of the law of subsidy was that Manchu nobles did not care whether these Han people were poor or not, they just forced the Han people to be slaves when needed. Therefore, the phenomenon of arbitrarily forcing the Han people to be slaves at will. As a result, the phenomenon of arbitrarily forcing the Han people to be slaves at will also become increasingly serious. In the capital, within 300 miles, the Eight Banners and slaves forced the Han people to be replenished in villages in various prefectures, counties, and villages, especially the various craftsmen in charge, causing the people to be uneasy and want to flee. This action caused a huge commotion among the Han people in various places, and intensified the conflicts between the two major ethnic groups of Manchu and Han. The most harmful things in the early Qing Dynasty were the three major policies of enclosure, subsidy, and fugitive.
4. Issuing a "Shaving Order"
The order issued by the Qing Dynasty to force Han people to shave their hair according to Manchu customs. Manchu customs, men shave more than a century of their edges around their heads, keep their long hair in the middle, and divide them into three strands and braids, one hanging behind their heads, called braids, or braids. The hairs shaved around them are not allowed to grow up except for their parents' mourning or national mourning. They should be shaved in time, called shaving hair, or shaving heads. Before the Qing Dynasty entered the pass, the Han people and other people of all ethnic groups were ordered to shave their hair to show surrender. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), after the Qing army entered the pass, the soldiers and civilians in Shanhaiguan City shave their hair and surrendered. After the Qing army entered Beijing, they issued an order to shave their hair. Because the foundation was not long before entering the pass, the foundation was not yet stable, and the execution of the shaving order was not strict, and those who surrendered were often allowed to take their own care. For thousands of years, Han people in the mainland had their hair and had no habit of shaving their hair. Forcing them to follow Manchu customs, it was considered a national
Oppression, national insults, and fierce resistance. In January of the second year of Shunzhi, the Dashun army was frustrated. The Qing army captured Nanjing. After Suzhou and Hangzhou, the Qing court believed that the overall situation had been settled, so it reiterated the hair shaving order. All parts of the country were limited to shaving and braids within 10 days. Anyone who did not shave or hesitate and asked to preserve the Ming Dynasty system would be "killed without mercy" (Volume 71 of the "Records of the Emperor Shizu of Qing Dynasty"), and implemented the "leaving the head without mercy, and the hair without mercy" (Han Jiangyin City Observation and Discipline"). This intensified ethnic conflicts and aroused fierce anti-hair struggle among the Han people in the mainland. The people of Jiangyin vowed that "the head can be broken, and the hair must not be shaved". Under the attack of 240,000 Qing troops, they fought hard for 81 days; the people of Jiading also organized rural soldiers to seize the city and did not surrender, and finally were brutally massacred. The anti-hair struggle of people in various places became an important part of the anti-Qing struggle at that time.
5. Issuing a "ban on detention"
After the Qing army entered the pass, Dorgon ordered a strict ban on the Han people from entering the Manchu "Dragon Rising Land" to reclaim. This is the "Prior ban". After the Manchus entered the pass in the early Qing Dynasty, the population of the Northeast became even sparse. The Qing rulers regarded the Northeast as "the place where the ancestors started to rise to the kings" and used the excuse to protect the "profit of the Pearl River" to implement a ban policy in the Northeast for a long time. In addition to the "Prior ban", the words related to the "Prior ban" also include
Two: "Willow Border" and "Chuangguandong". In order to strictly implement the "Privacy Policy", starting from the Shunzhi period, the Qing government spared no expense to build more than 1,000 kilometers of fence wall called "Willow Border" in Manchuria in sections - Manchuria Great Wall, also known as Willow Border Wall, Willow Wall, Liucheng, Tiaozi Border, and completed by the middle of the Kangxi period. From Shanhaiguan to Kaiyuan, Xinbin to Xinfengcheng, the willow Border from the south of Fengcheng was "Lao Border"; from the northeast of Kaiyuan to the
Today, the north of Jilin City is the "Xinbian". Manchuria east of the border wall strictly prohibits crossing the border and reclamation, while the west of the border wall is used as the garrison for the Mongolian nobles, the ally of the Qing Dynasty. Until history entered the 19th century, a large area of ​​the lower reaches of the Yellow River suffered disasters year by year, and thousands of farmers went bankrupt, but the Qing government still had the order to ban the customs. Therefore, bankrupt farmers ignored the ban and risked being punished and kept "breaking" into the Northeast. This is the origin of "breaking into the Guandong". By the end of the Qing Dynasty, international powers advanced step by step, especially Tsarist Russia was eyeing the Northeast. Under this situation, the Qing court had to ban some parts of the Northeast in 1860, and all bans were lifted in 1897. By 1910, the total population of Northeast increased to 18 million. After the establishment of the Republic of China, the torrent of "breaking into the Guandong" was still continuous, reaching nearly 40 million on the eve of the founding of New China.
Six, the cruel policy of massacre
In Chinese history, when foreign races attacked Han ruling areas, they often encountered fierce resistance. In order to retaliate and vent their anger, they often implemented extremely barbaric massacre policies on the Han people in the conquered areas. The most tragic thing was the massacre of the Han people by the Mongolian rulers in the early Yuan Dynasty and the Manchu rulers in the early Qing Dynasty. During the Qing army's conquest of the Central Plains, whether in towns or rural areas, if the people did not obey the Qing Dynasty and dared to resist, they would massacre all the people after breaking the city. The most famous ones are the "Ten Days of Yangzhou" and the "Three Massacres of Jiading", and there are also the Massacres of Jiangyin, Kunshan, and Jiaxing Massacres.
, The massacre of Changshu, The massacre of Suzhou, The massacre of Haining, The massacre of Guangzhou, The massacre of Ganzhou, The massacre of Xiangtan, The massacre of Datong, The massacre of Sichuan, etc. The killings are unbearable and tragic! Historical records show that the official taxpayer population in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty was close to 60 million, and the taxpayer population did not include women and children, civil servants and soldiers, so it is conservatively estimated that the national population was about 200 million. By the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty (Di) was about 25 million, and the total population was at most about 80 million. In addition to the peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty, a considerable part of the huge population was caused by the massacre policy in the early Qing Dynasty!
7, Daxing*
Since the Qing Dynasty invaded the south, the Han people in the Central Plains not only brutally killed military and plundered and destroyed economically, but also promoted cultural autocracy in the field of thought and culture, and carried out cultural oppression. As early as shortly after the Qing army entered the pass, the Qing court began to oppress and destroy Han culture. In 1649, the Qing court stipulated that "the ink texts in the examination must be compiled by the ministers of poetry, proofread by the ministers of rituals, and only allowed to be published, and the rest of the miscellaneous manuscripts of the houses were prohibited." This is the earliest verbal censorship autocracy. The more words occurred during the reign of Emperor Yongzheng and Qianlong of Kangxi, the total number was no less than a hundred. During the Kangxi period (1661-1722), more than 20 cases occurred successively. Among them, the more shocking was the case of Zhuang Tinglong's "History of Ming Dynasty" and the case of Dai Mingshi's "Nanshan Collection" in 1711.
It seems that during the reign of Kangxi, the policy of gentleness and tolerance was adopted against intellectuals, and the rulers did not regard * as a conscious policy to suppress the thoughts of anti-Qing intellectuals or Han scholars and officials. The collection of poems and essays published at that time, Wang Fuzhi's "Reading the Comprehensive Discourse" and other works had obvious and strong national sentiments, and they were not pursued. Although Emperor Yongzheng's reign (1723-1735) was short, nearly 20 cases could be investigated. In the early days of Yongzheng's ascension, several * were all by-products of the power struggle within the ruling group; in the later period of Yongzheng, several * turned to suppress the anti-Qing thought and national integrity of Han intellectuals. After that, two new trends emerged: First, * was consciously used as an important means to suppress the national consciousness and national integrity of Han intellectuals.
; Second, the complaints are caused, and most of them are bottom-up. Some local officials use the way to find out the words of taboos. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1735-1795), more than 100 cases occurred, especially in the middle of Qianlong period, which was the period when the three dynasties had the most secrets and the most misfortunes of literature. The purpose of Qianlong's great progress was to completely eliminate the anti-Qing national consciousness of the Han people. In fact, most of the victims did not spread anti-Qing thoughts. Some people only expressed their dissatisfaction with shaving their hair and changing clothes at once, their attachment to the Ming Dynasty, and their lament for their own situation. More victims were purely the result of the rulers' desire for literary meaning, far-fetched, and stolen. The harm of the Qianlong period reached the point of madness, cruelty and absurdity.
Ideology and culture, and scholarly style have bad influences. Reading and writing often leads to disaster, and scholars have to destroy their thoughts, lose their integrity, or hold on to the eight-legged program, recite the teachings of Confucius, Mencius, Cheng and Zhu to seek imperial examinations; or stay away from sensitive academic fields, stay away from reality, and devote all their energy to exegesis and textual papers, which are known in history as the Qianlong and Jiajia School of Studies. Second * corrupted the official atmosphere. Most of the Qing Dynasty officials entered the imperial examinations. As literati, they may become victims of the *; as bureaucrats, they are also the * makers or accomplices. On the one hand, they are unwilling to touch the literary website and die in their own lives; on the other hand, they are unwilling to be punished for the ineffective implementation of the emperor's edict and cannot strictly investigate the responsibilities of the text. So they can only develop in a direction of being cautious, without thoughts, and without moral integrity.
Eight, relocate the boundary and prohibit the sea
The migration of boundaries and sea bans was another tyranny implemented in the early Qing Dynasty. It was mainly during the Kangxi period, which was roughly between the late Shunzhi and the 22nd year of Kangxi (the recapture of Taiwan in 1683). Due to the deliberate concealment of the Qing Dynasty rulers, historical information on this aspect was quite lacking. Even if some were involved, it was mostly understatement, and it was vague. (I remember that there was a scene in the TV series "Kangxi Dynasty", where there was a scene where the Fujian Governor Yao Qisheng mobilized the residents of Fujian to move.) The main purpose of implementing this policy was to regain Taiwan from the Zheng family. In order to isolate Taiwan, the Qing government stipulated that residents of 30 miles of the coast would be moved in and not
Quasi-in-water. It was first implemented on the coast of Fujian, and then promoted to the coasts of Guangdong and Zhejiang. The Qing government demarcated a coastal range (from the initial coastal range of about 30 miles to the later 40 miles, fifty miles, and even 2300 miles), established boundary monuments, and even built boundary walls, forcing coastal residents within this range to move. Those who dared not to move, killed without mercy, and those who dared to cross the boundary, killed without mercy. In short, the entire southeastern coastal area of ​​China, ranging from 30 miles to 2300 miles by the sea, became an unmanned area. According to the records of "History of the Southern Ming Dynasty", "In February of the first year of the Kangxi reign, the Qing court sent Kerkun and the two ministers of Jieshan.
In the second year of Kangxi, "I ordered the coastal people to move all the coastal people to the mainland for 50 miles to help Taiwan. So I sent troops to break the boundary and waited for three days to barbarize the land and empty the people." In the second year of Kangxi, "Huada came to patrol the border and then moved the people." "In the spring of Jiayin (the third year of Kangxi), I continued to move the coastal people of Panyu, Shunde, Xinhui, Dongguan and Xiangshan counties." "I thought it was close at the beginning, and I was far away from it, and then I moved the boundary again and again. After three migrations, the boundary was settled." The process of moving the coastal boundary was not like the current Three Gorges immigrants. I first resettled the immigrants and gave appropriate financial compensation, and then moved the residents step by step. The process of moving the coastal boundary was not as good as the immigration.
It was a cruel expulsion, massacre and plunder. (It is quite similar to the "Westward Movement" that drove the American expulsion and massacre of Indians!) The southeast coastal area has gradually become the richest and most prosperous area in China since the Song Dynasty. Under this atrocities of the Qing court, in an instant, the wealth and productivity accumulated over thousands of years were gone, and the manpower was wiped out! For more than twenty years, China changed from a coastal country to an inland country. The damage and sequelae it caused far exceeded that of a large-scale war. The only gain was that it put Taiwan's economy in trouble for a while and laid the foundation for the later Emperor Kangxi's platform.
9. Donation system
During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, many officials had become corrupt. Emperor Kangxi thought it was difficult to eliminate the general corruption phenomenon, so he always ruled with leniency and did not go into deep research. He once said: "All ministers were scholars, and they were all hiking on foot; once they were given rank, they would be tall and chariots and horses, and the support of the eight zodiacs, so where did they come from? Can you tell me in detail? "Under this policy of tolerance and tolerance, since Kangxi's later years, the administration of officials gradually became corrupt, and officials were greedy and unscrupulous, resulting in more than 10 million warehouses in various provinces. Although Emperor Yongzheng made drastic moves, severe punishments and ruling corruption, the results were limited because his rule was too short and his effectiveness was limited. By the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods, corruption in the officialdom became a trend, and bribery was carried out, and the administration was extremely corrupt, and the situation could not be changed. Therefore, there was a saying that "three years of Qing dynasty, 100,000 snowflakes and silver". The Qianlong Dynasty even produced a Chinese history that has been
The biggest corrupt official, Heshen. The root of the root is mainly the donation system implemented by the Qing Dynasty. In the 13th year of Kangxi, the donation system was implemented to make up for the insufficient military expenditure. More than 500 magistrates were donated within three years. In order to prevent redundant officials from disturbing the people, it was stipulated that "the donation officials will be promoted for three years, and those who are competent will be promoted and transferred, and those who are not competent will be included in the title" (Election Chronicle 7 of "Draft History of Qing Dynasty" Volume 87), but it was actually impossible to implement it. During the time of Yongzheng (1723-1735), all officials below the Taoist government could donate, and civil officials could donate to the Taoist government, doctors, and military officials could donate to the guerrillas during the Qianlong period. Although the donation system added a temporary fiscal revenue to the Qing government, it caused the feudal bureaucracy to expand viciously, and the officials bought by money could naturally not be honest. This move became a major bad policy that caused the corruption of the Qing Dynasty's administration.
Ten, close the country
The above said that before the Qing Dynasty regained Taiwan, it strictly enforced a maritime ban policy, strictly prohibiting merchants and civilians from going to sea, and those who violated the ban were not allowed to go into the sea, and those who violated the ban were executed, and the goods were not collected from officials. This maritime ban policy was implemented mainly to deal with the maritime forces of Zheng Chenggong and his descendants, not targeting foreign countries. Therefore, after the Qing Dynasty regained Taiwan in 1683, it gradually relaxed the maritime ban and allowed foreign trade. However, in the early Qianlong period, in response to the insatiable demands of Western countries such as Britain, the Qing government strengthened its foreign policy.
The restriction of trade means that other trade ports except Guangzhou were ordered to close, and regulations and regulations strictly restrict foreign merchants were issued, thus forming the so-called retreat policy. The retreat policy lasted during the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods until the eve of the Opium War in Daoguang. The so-called retreat policy refers to the policy of the Qing Dynasty strictly restricting and prohibiting foreign exchanges and trade. The main contents are three: limiting one-door (Guangzhou) trade, strictly restricting foreign business activities, and restricting Chinese businessmen and people from going overseas. The reasons for this policy are also
3: The short-sightedness and ignorance of the Qing rulers were the direct reasons for "close the country"; the feudal self-sufficiency natural economy is relatively stable and has a strong resistance to foreign goods, which is the economic root of the policy of closing the country. The third is the need for the Qing Dynasty's rule. In order to prevent the connection between anti-Qing forces in China and foreign countries and the infiltration of Western colonialism, the Qing rulers implemented the policy of closing the country. Although the policy of closing the country has a certain self-defense effect on the invasion of Western colonists within a certain period of time, it is a negative after all.
Chapter completed!