Fiber

A kind of steel used in ancient times. It is forged with an even texture and a carbon content of 1.6%. Due to the repeated superposition and fusing of multiple smaller pieces of materials, the uniformity of the internal structure of the steel can be comparable to that of modern high-quality steel. This is difficult to do, because modern times have machine forging hammers, rolling mills, and steelmaking process monitoring throughout. In ancient times, people could only feel the quality of steel through their eyes and hands.

The iron is also known as Indian steel, and is the first steel with a world reputation. In West Asia, Indian steel is called Uz Steel. It was first learned by Europeans in the 3rd century, during the war between Rome and Sassanthemum. Later, Europeans called Indian steel Damascus steel because Damascus was a famous knife-making city in West Asia. The knives made excellent forging, exquisite decoration, and were exported to Europe in large quantities. In China, this steel is called "iron iron". Its appearance is not very bright and has natural, complex and beautiful patterns visible to the naked eye.

As a high-quality steel product, it has an important position in the history of technological and cultural exchange between China and the West. The earliest documents of "博博博博博博博" were recorded in the Sui Dynasty. It was found in the earliest historical books, "博博博" and "博博博" of the early Tang Dynasty. Huilin's "博博博博博" in the Tang Dynasty have the earliest meaning of "博博博博博" interpretation of "博博博博" in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the direct transliteration of foreign languages, the word "博博博" can also be interpreted as iron from 博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博�

Among various ancient documents, the most common ones appeared as products. The historical records of "Liao Iron as the name" should be fabricated by the Jin people; the Yuan Dynasty's "Iron Bureau" was just a borrower of the name "Iron" and was only an institution for the management of the lustful blacksmiths from Central and West Asia; the Hami "Iron Stone" record may be meteorites or crucible steel; the Iron Stone (Shenzhen) in Taiyuan Prefecture should be an iron smelting site;

The range of items is very wide, not only weapons and tools, but also various items made using their exquisite appearance characteristics. In the Southern Song Dynasty's "The Record of Clouds and Smokes", the "Golden and Water General Pipeline" is the earliest record of a patterned iron knife. In a large number of ancient Chinese poems, chapters with metaphor for iron are mostly discussed in terms of sharpness, surface patterns and other characteristics. Damascus steel is to some extent synonymous with surface pattern steel, characterized by natural patterns and more

For example, it is obtained from Brat Steel in Central Asia, while Damascus steel obtained from Uz Steel in South Asia is rare. "Platinum iron" is not synonymous with "Damascus steel" and is closer to the crucible steel series. Whether from the perspective of cultural relics and archaeology or documentary materials, China's Central Plains has always lacked reliable evidence for the production of pyrogenic iron. New advances in metallurgical archaeology in Xinjiang should provide more valuable evidence for exploring the origin and spread of pyrogenic iron.

Since the opening of the Western Regions of Han and Wu, Damascus steel weapons represented by Wooze steel in northern India have been seen in the Central Primitive, and they are called "铭" - "铭" - The vocabulary "铭" first appeared in ancient Chinese historical documents. It is found in the "Book of Wei - Biography of the Western Regions" about the "Persian Kingdom": "The Persian Kingdom, capital of Suli City, was in the Mixi, and the ancient Tiaozhi Kingdom was 24,228 miles away. The city is ten miles in a square, with more than 100,000 households, and the river flows south through the city. The land is flat and gold, silver, stone, coral, amber, cart, horse brain, how big pearls, Poli, luli, water essence, seser, diamond, fire, iron, copper, tin, cinnabar, mercury, silk, brocade, radish, shaman, radish, radish, radish, radish, radish, etc.."

However, in the Northern Song Dynasty, the name "六州" had a new meaning: the Khitan annexed Gaochang - Gaochang is located in the Western Regions and is not surprising that Damascus steel in the true sense, that is, 六州. "六州" originally means 六州, which means 六州. Because the Khitan is far from the Yang Dynasty, some foreign ethnic groups still call China "六州". The Khitan belonged to the Donghu clan and was a branch of the Xianbei clan. It was separated from the Xianbei clan in the 4th century and was nomadic in Huangshui (now the Xiramulun River in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia). The Tuhe (now the Laoha River in Chifeng City, Chifeng City). In the early 6th century, the Khitans were still in the tribal stage, and tribal alliances were formed in the early Tang Dynasty.

The alliance was once surrendered to the Turkic Khanate in the northern part of the desert. In the second year of Zhenguan (628), the Khitan tribal alliance betrayed the Turks and surrendered to the Tang Dynasty. There were tributes, officials and trade, as well as wars and looting between the Khitan and the Tang Dynasty. In 907, the Khitan established a regime and became a powerful force in northern China. In 916, the leader of the Khitan tribe, Nalu Abaoji, founded the Khitan Kingdom. In 947, Taizong Yelu Deguang changed the country's name to Liao, and Liao became a unified regime in northern China. The Khitan Kingdom was strong, and its territory was from the sea in the east to the quicksand in the west, crossed the Great Wall in the south, and the desert in the north. In 1125, Liao was destroyed by the Jin Dynasty, and then the Khitan was gradually merged.

However, later the name "博博博" was gradually applied to all iron produced in the Liao Kingdom. According to the "Records of the Jin Taizu", "Liao used 博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博博�

The "introduction" of the "Iron and Steel Bureau" may be recorded in the "Yuan History - Election Chronicle III". The smelting technology of the Liao Kingdom at that time was still in a pit smelting method, which was relatively primitive and the temperature could not be too high; and the main iron ore production area of ​​Liao was in the current Anshan area, and the iron ore grade was not too high. Therefore, the "Iron and Steel" produced in Liao can only be regarded as surface annealed steel or some kind of low carbon steel, and cannot be compared with real high-carbon steel such as Damascus steel.

Mr. Yang Kuan's "History of the Development of Ancient Iron Smelting Technology in China" once pointed out that "the Persian Sassanian 's 'fixed iron' was a high-quality steel made by sealing and heating using cracked iron and quantitative carburizing agents and catalysts. This kind of flaxed iron product was introduced to our country during the Northern Wei Dynasty." The book "The Golden Peach of Samarkand" written by American scholar Schaeffer also mentioned "flaxed iron" and "Indian steel": "In the Middle Ages, the Chinese already knew 'Damascus steel', but we cannot yet determine whether this steel was imported into the Tang Dynasty. According to records in the 6th century, it was said that this steel was produced in Persia. However, in the 7th century, it was said that it was a product of Fibin. It is believed that this metal was 'rigid and cut gold and jade'.
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