Wang Duo (1592-1652) was named Jues, and his name was Jues, and his name was Songqiao, and his name was Chi'an. He was also named Yantan Yusou. Mengjin (now Mengjin, Henan). His family was very poor when he was young and lived a life of "not being able to eat two porridges a day". In the second year of Tianqi in the Ming Dynasty (1622), he was promoted to the Minister of Rites. Wang Duo was in troubled times and his career was changing. In 1644, Li Zicheng conquered Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen of the Ming Dynasty hanged himself in Jingshan. Ma Shiying and others supported King Fu in Nanjing and waited for the East Pavilion.
Grand Secretary. After entering the Qing Dynasty, he surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty granted him the Minister of Rites, the Bachelor of the Official Hongwen Academy, and the Prince Shaobao. Wang Duo changed from an old minister of the Ming Dynasty to a new nobleman in the Qing Dynasty. He was a despised traitor in the eyes of the Ming Dynasty who was self-consistent with integrity. Therefore, he was always depressed and unhappy. After entering the Qing Dynasty, Wang Duo served as an official for 8 years and died of illness in the ninth year of Shunzhi. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, the court used the imperial edict to compile the "Siku Quanshu" to investigate all Wang Duo's books and magazines and included Wang Duo in the "Biography of the Two Ministers".
Wang Duo was knowledgeable and knowledgeable in ancient times. He was good at poetry and prose. He had achievements in poetry, calligraphy and painting, especially his unique calligraphy, and was known as "Wang Duo of Magical Brush". His calligraphy was as famous as Dong Qichang, and he was known as "King of the South Dong and the North" in the late Ming Dynasty. His calligraphy was written in a regular manner, with a moderate and smooth manner, but full of free flow and powerful force. Wang Duo was good at running and cursive, with a grand brushwork, vigorous and free, and refreshing. Dai Minggao said in "Poems of Wang Duo's Cursive Poems": "Yuan Zhang (Mi Fu) talked about the cursive scripts in a particularly good manner, and the wind and railings of the Wei and Jin Dynasties were swept the ground, but the wind and horses were very pleased with people's wishes, and the courage was beyond the reach of Zhao, the Dong generation." His ink traces were passed down from generation to generation, and many calligraphy, letters, and inscriptions were carved stones, the most famous of which were "Liangshanyuan Tie" and "Langhuaguan Tie".
Because Wang Duo surrendered to the Qing Dynasty after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, there were many flaws in his integrity, so many people often complained about his character. However, his calligraphy was very popular in Japan, South Korea, Singapore and other places. The Japanese admired Wang Duo's calligraphy very much, and it also became a faction called the "Ming and Qing Dynasties". His "Liangshanyuan Tie" was introduced to Japan and caused a sensation. They listed Wang Duo as the first-class calligrapher and put forward the view that "the Later King (Wang Duo) was better than the previous King (Wang Xizhi)".
Wang Duo was good at painting landscapes and plum blossoms and bamboo and stones. His paintings mainly inherited the styles of Jin Hao and Guan Tong of the Five Dynasties. Wang Duo's works were tall and majestic. At the same time, he also absorbed the painting methods of Dong Yuan and Wang Wei, mainly using ink and wash, with few brushings and rubbings, and slightly light colors. The mountains and rivers looked thick and majestic and full of vitality. His landscape paintings were more realistic, and the shapes of the mountains and rocks were square and steep, and the outlines were intertwined. His landscape paintings were painted with the brush and ink techniques of the Yuan people to draw the taste of the Song people. Wang Duo's figure paintings were very rare, and the painting methods were relatively simple and freehand.
Wang Duo, born in 1592, died in 1652, is from Mengjin, Henan Province. He is a calligrapher in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. His name is Juesi, his name is Juesi, and his name is Songqiao, and his name is Songqiao. His name is Shi Qiao. His name is Songqiao. His name is Shi Qiao. He was a Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty and was a senior minister of the Ministry of Rites. He was appointed as the Minister of Rites. He was named Wen'an. He was a master of Zhengzhen, Wang Xianzhi, Yan Zhenqing, and Mi Fu. His writing skills are strong and good at layout. Liang Ping's "Writing is good at holding the brushwork, learning from Minangong, and he is old and vigorous, and he is strong and powerful." Jiang Shao of the Qing Dynasty
The calligraphy of "Silent Poetry History" says that "the father and son of Shanyin (Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi) was born in the regular script. Zhong Yuanchang, even if he modeled Zhong and Wang, he could still express his feelings." It actually had the style of a great master of the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, Dong Qichang's calligraphy style was popular in the calligraphy world, and Wang Duo, Huang Daozhou, Ni Yuanlu, Fu Shan and others advocated learning from the ancient times, and they were unique in the current style. Modern times had a great influence on the Japanese style of calligraphy. There are many calligraphy works in the world, engraved with "Liangshanyuan Tie" and "Langhuaguan Tie". "History of Qing Dynasty"
Volume 79 is a biography. "Wang Wei's Five-character Poems Volume" was written in the 16th year of Chongzhen (1643). It is written in the silk, regular script and cursive script. There are 32 lines, including 13 lines of regular script and 19 lines of cursive script, with different characters in each line. 21 cm in length and 165.5 cm in horizontal lines. It is collected by the Palace Museum. In calligraphy, Wang Duo is a versatile calligraphy master with all styles and diverse styles. Whether it is the majestic and vigorous large regular script, the ancient and thick small regular script, or his flying and jumping running and cursive script,
It should be said that it is first-class in the calligraphy world of late Ming Dynasty. Regular calligraphy is rare in Wang Duo's works, originating from the Tang people and can express one's mind. The first half of this poem, whether it is the size, structure, calligraphy and painting, and character spacing, all give people a unique feeling. The running script in the second half of the poem is seen in Wang Duo's works, with rich changes in the composition, vertical and horizontal strokes, strong overall feeling, straight and unpredictable structure, complex dots and strokes, dry and solid lines, so their achievements are highly praised.
A famous painter, calligrapher, calligraphy and painting theorist, and calligraphy and painting connoisseur in the late dynasty. Dong Qichang was born in the 34th year of Jiajing (1555) of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty and died in the 9th year of Chongzhen (1636) of Emperor Yizong of Ming Dynasty. His courtesy name was Xuanzai, his name was Yuanzai, and his name was Sibai, and his name was Xiangguang Jushi, and he was known as "Dong Huating". He was a Jinshi in Wanli and was appointed as the Minister of Rites. Huating (Shanghai Songjiang). He was also a Shanghai native (Shanghai was the territory of Huating County in the Tang Dynasty and belonged to Songjiang Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty. Huating, Yunjian, Songjiang, Shanghai, and Louxian were all one place).
Dong Qichang was famous when he was young, and his family was rich, he liked calligraphy and painting, and was famous throughout the country. In the 17th year of the Wanli period of Emperor Shenzong, he was appointed as the Minister of Rites in Nanjing. He served as the Prince Taibao and other positions. He was good at appreciating and collecting. He was both a painter, a calligrapher, and an art critic. He wrote books such as "Rongtai Collection", "Rongtai Collection", "Painting Zen Room Essays", "Painting Essays", "Painting Essays", "Painting Eyes", etc. He has a rich understanding of theories of calligraphy and painting throughout his life, and he vigorously advocated and advocated the "morality" of "literati painting". He once said: "Read thousands of books and travel thousands of miles."
Dong Qichang was very talented and very smart. At that time, he was known as "Xing Zhang Mi Dong" in calligraphy, that is, he was ranked alongside Xing Dong in Linyi, Zhang Ruitu in Jinjiang, and Xutian Mi Zhong; there was a saying in paintings that Dong and Bei Mi. He and Mo were the dragon. Chen Jiru advocated the theory of "North and South School", that is, artificially divided the "Yuan Style" landscape painting and "literati painting" into two schools.
Dong Qichang was a great master of the Ming Dynasty. In painting, he specialized in painting landscapes. He was a patriarchal Dong Yuan, Juran, Gao Kegong, Huang Gongwang, Ni Zan, etc. He particularly valued Huang Gongwang. His landscape paintings generally have two aspects. One is ink painting or light crimson. Works with this aspect are more common; the other is in green and green colors, which are sometimes boneless, which is relatively rare. He pays great attention to learning from the traditional techniques of the ancients, and the subject matter changes fewer, but he has unique attainments in the use of brush and ink. His painting works are often He copied the painting methods of famous masters of Song and Yuan dynasties and praised them in his inscriptions. Although he talked about imitating the ancients everywhere, it was not about claying the ancients without being transformed, but was able to break away from the stalemate and form his own style. His painting style was based on his masters of ancient masters, and he cultivated his calligraphy with the brush and ink, rubbing, dots and strokes of paintings. Therefore, his mountains, rivers, trees, and stones were flowing, and the softness was strong, with a sharpness, and his twists and turns were flexible, with clear layers of ink colors, clumsy and elegant, and his painting style was prominent at the time and became the leader of the "Huating School".
Dong Qichang also had outstanding achievements in calligraphy. His calligraphy was widely copied by ancient people, integrating changes, and was especially good at running and regular script. In his early years, he started with Yan Zhenqing and later changed to Yu Shinan. He believed that Tang calligraphy was not as good as Wei and Jin, so he also learned from Zhong Yao, Wang Xizhi, and also learned from Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yang Ningshi, Mi Fu and other schools. In his later years, he still belonged to Yan Zhenqing. His calligraphy combined the calligraphy styles of the Jin, Tang, Song and Yuan schools, and formed a unique and elegant brushwork, plain and simple. In terms of composition, the layout of characters and characters, lines, and lines, are sparse and symmetrical, and strives to follow the ancient methods. He both wrote and painted calligraphy to win by being clumsy. His calligraphy had a profound influence until the middle of the Qing Dynasty. Kangxi and Qianlong used Dong calligraphy as the clan method.
Dong Qichang was extremely diligent throughout his life and enjoyed a long life, so he created a lot of calligraphy and painting works, and many have been passed down to this day. Among them, the original works have been concluded to be collected in the Forbidden City, Shanghai Museum, Jilin Provincial Museum, Nanjing Museum, etc. The Palace Museum has the most collections of Dong Qichang's works, and the most famous paintings include: "Gao Yi Tu" scroll, written at 63 years old, slightly imitated by Ni, Huang, and the brush and ink are excellent works in middle and late years; "Guanshan Snow Picture" scroll, written at 81 years old, is a hard work for the elderly. According to the end of the volume, this volume is rewritten from the original painting of Guanshan Snow Picture" by Guantong. A famous book hidden in the Forbidden City The works include: "Yue Fu" Volume, written at 47 years old, followed by Tang and Jin dynasties, and the strokes are beautiful, which is a meticulous work of small regular script in early years; "The Monument of the Painting of Mr. Dongfang" was written at 50 years old, and he wrote regular script, learned from Yan Zhenqing, with regular fonts and loose qi, which is a representative masterpiece of regular script in middle age; "Three Worlds Haoming" Volume, written at 71 years old, written at regular script, learned from Yan Zhenqing, with a correct structure and rigorous rules; "Yueyang Tower Notes" Volume, written at 54 years old, written at large running script, learned from Yan Zhenqing, and Li Zhaohai. The center of the brush is straight down, and the turning is smooth, reflecting the appearance of running script in middle age. "The Record of Lumahu" Volume, represented the work of running script in later years.
The representative works collected by the Shanghai Museum include: the landscape painting "Three Trees in the River Dry" and the large album of "Eight Scenerys in Autumn" (a masterpiece of Dong Qichang's life, and there is also a large album that has been flowing overseas); the Beijing Cultural Relics Store contains a calligraphy work "Jinsha Tie"; the Nanjing Museum contains a calligraphy work "Songjiang Prefecture Zhihao", and the Jilin Provincial Museum contains a famous landscape painting "Zhu Jintang Picture".
Dong Qichang's works are relatively precious, but during the process of circulating, fakes are constantly filled with them. So far, it is difficult to see high-quality products. It can be said that fakes are flooding the market, especially folk collections. Even if they are not fakes, they are still small and general works. Dong Qichang's works are many in the overseas art market. European and American collectors like his calligraphy and paintings, but because it is difficult to distinguish the authenticity, they dare not buy them easily. On the contrary, once they can be confirmed to be genuine, they will spare no expense to buy them. In June 1989, his "Wangui Caotang Picture" was auctioned by experts and was recognized by experts.
The painting was carried up at once, reaching 1.65 million US dollars, becoming the second most expensive ancient Chinese calligraphy and painting after the "Yuan Ren Qiu Hunting Picture Scroll". The reason why this picture was recognized by experts is mainly because it was recorded in some classics. This painting was once collected by Wang Hongxu, An Yizhou and Qianlong, and was recorded in "The Spectacular Life", "Mo Yuan Huiguan" and "Three Collections of Shiqu Baoji". This landscape painting has a thick and ink-like rhythm, fine and vigorous style, representing the highest achievement of Dong Qichang's literary paintings, and the blank spaces of the picture are filled with various names.
The inscriptions of the family are rare and genuine products. Since then, such good works have never appeared in the New York market, so the price has not increased. In 1990, there were 5 works for sale. The first one was "Search Book" 27th volume, which was sold at US$16,500; the second one was "Search Book" hand scroll, which was US$8,800; the third one was "Search Book" vertical scroll, which was only sold at US$3,850; the fourth one was "Search Book" 11th volume, which was sold at US$14,000; the fifth one was "Snow Picture of Nine Peaks" silk hand scroll, which was sold at US$1.
50,000 US dollars. The works are widely circulated. The important reason is that many people used to write for him during their lifetime, which is more difficult to distinguish than ordinary imitations. Mr. Qi Gong wrote an article "A Study on the Ghosts of Dong Qichang's Calligraphy and Painting" to provide detailed research. According to modern scholars' research, the most famous main ghostwriters of calligraphy are Wu Yi, and the ghostwriters of paintings include Zhao Zuo, Seng Kexue, Shen Shichong, Wu Zhen, Zhao Wen, Ye Younian, Yang Jipeng, etc. Dong Qichang's brushwork is mostly signed and stamped by himself. Most of the works with high-level ghostwriters were written by Zhao Zuo and Shen Shichong.
Ruan Dacheng (about 1587 to about 1646) was a Chinese opera artist in the late Ming Dynasty. He was from Huaining, Anhui. His courtesy name was Jizhi, his pseudonym, Shichao, and Baizi Shanqiao. He was a minister of the Tianqi period. He was dependent on the eunuch Wei Zhongxian. He was a cunning thief and was fond of power and profit. At that time, he called him the villain among villains. In the second year of Chongzhen (1629), the Wei Party was defeated. He was dismissed from the rebellion case and was dismissed from office, retreated to Nanjing, recruited raids, and talked about swords. However, Chongzhen never got an official position in March of the 17th year. In March of the 17th year, Li Zicheng defeated Beijing and the Ming Dynasty fell. In May of the same year, King Fu ascended the throne in Nanjing. Ma Shiying was in power. Ruan Dacheng was recommended and was appointed as the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War. Soon after, he was promoted to the Minister of War. He solicited bribes to make money, suppressed dissidents, and set up a revenge on Donglin and Fushe.
Xingdang Prison. In June of the third year of Shunzhi (1646), the Qing army crossed Qiantang, and Ruan Dacheng took the lead in shaving his hair and surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty was given the title of inner court. He was grateful and asked to be the leader. After defeating Jinhua, he followed the Qing soldiers to Fujian. When he passed Xianxialing, he died of illness. It was said that Ruan Dacheng heard that Ma Shiying was killed and died from a cliff and was killed. Ruan Dacheng had a despicable character and was despised by the Shilin. However, he was quite talented and was particularly good at lyrics and music. His legendary operas include "Spring Lantern Riddle", "Swallow Notes", "Double Gold List", "Muni Combination", "Loyal and Filial Piety", "Peach Blossom Laughing", "The Alliance in the Well", "Lion Earn", "Granting the Greeds", and "Old Students". The first four types are still alive, collectively known as "Four Legends of Stone Cang". The poems and prose include "The Complete Works of Yonghuai Tang".
Ruan Dacheng (1578-1646), a native of the Ming Dynasty, was named Jizhi, and also named Yuanhai, and Shichao. He was from Huaining, Anhui. He was in the Bingchen examination in Wanli. At the beginning of Tianqi, he was promoted to the postmaster and returned to the postmaster because of his worries. Ruan Dacheng was once a member of Donglin and was a disciple of Gao Panlong. His fellow villager Zuo Guangdou was a censor who was polite and dared to speak out. He was also a friend of Dacheng who relied on himself. In the spring of the fourth year of Tianqi, the Ministry of Personnel was a vacant person, and Zuo Guangdou informed Dacheng to come to Beijing to submit a submission. Zhao Nanxing, Gao Panlong, Yang Lian and others were close to the test, and Dacheng was impetuous and could not take responsibility, so he was ready to use others. Dacheng went to Beijing to supplement the engineering department, so he felt resentful. So he secretly made friends with eunuchs to carry out activities. The Ministry of Personnel had no choice but to reappoint Dacheng as the postmaster and got his wish.
Since then, KK Dacheng defected to Wei Zhongxian, and made a dead friend with a group of eunuch party. He made a "Picture of Hundred Officials" to flatter Wei Zhongxian. Because he was afraid of the criticism of the Donglin Party members, he asked himself to return home after one month of his tenure. Dacheng returned to his hometown Huaining, and was inevitably indifferent. He privately said to his relatives and friends: "I am still good at returning, I don't know what Zuo is like." After all, Yang Lian and Zuo Guangdou were arrested and imprisoned for impeaching Wei Zhongxian, and Dacheng couldn't help but look proud. Soon he was summoned to the capital and became a Shaoqing of Taichang. When he went to Beijing again, Dacheng seemed to have a premonition that the crisis was coming, and he was always very careful in his contacts with eunuch party. Even every time he went to pay a visit to Wei Zhongxian, he would bribe Zhongxian's guards with a large summons and return the famous sect he submitted. After only a few months, he found out that something was wrong and wrote a letter to beg for
Returned. Chongzhen changed the Yuan Dynasty and Zhongxian was executed. Dacheng prepared two different memorials and sent them to his friend Yang Weiyuan in Beijing. One of them impeached Cui, Wei's eunuch party. The second was "taking the seven-year calculation as a matter of money. It means that after the fourth year of Tianqi, those who were in chaos were loyal to the political party, and those who were in chaos were loyal to the political party, and those who were in chaos were presented to the Xiu. Four years ago, those who were in chaos were Wang An, and those who were in chaos were in Donglin." The Tianqi Dynasty was divided into two stages, and the Donglin and eunuch party were each defeated fifty major boards. Such methods were not available in history, but indeed they were worthy of the reputation of being agile and cunning. In the first year of Chongzhen, Dacheng went to Jinghua three times and was appointed as Guangluqing. Unfortunately, only a few months later, the censor Mao Yujian impeached his party, and was dismissed from office soon and returned to his hometown. Next year, he was appointed as the Tongfan rebellion case, discussing the redemption of disciples and the people. From then on, Zhuanglie Emperor was deposed for 17 years, and was depressed and unsuccessful.
Since KK has no official position, Dacheng traveled around, wrote poems, married concubines, filmed music, and acted, and also made friends with many famous Donglin scholars, who were as elegant as the gentry of the late Ming Dynasty. In fact, Ruan Dacheng was born to be lonely and had always been in a secretly stubborn mind. In response to Ruan Dacheng's conspiracy to make a comeback. In July of the 11th year of Chongzhen, people from Fushe gathered in Nanjing to draft the "Liudu (Nanjing) Prevention of Chaos". As a major political event in the late Ming Dynasty, more than 140 signatures were signed. This manifesto revealed Ruan Dacheng's crimes as a remnant of the eunuch party and persecuted the Donglin party; it expressed the determination of the Fushe patriots to eliminate traitors for the country. Due to the huge momentum, Ruan Dacheng was so scared that he secretly ran to Niushou Mountain outside Nanjing, where
He left the house and lived in seclusion for five or six years. In 1643 AD, Zhou Yanru returned to the prime minister, and Dacheng also paid for help, but still hoped to obtain a half-time position. Yanru said, "My trip was wrongly recommended by Donglin. My name was in the case of rebellion, is it okay?" Dacheng pondered for a long time and said, "How is Yaocao?" Yaocao, a different name from the scholar, Yanru agreed. This move laid the groundwork for Dacheng's last time when he was in Hongguang, and was able to reap the political capital of Guangzong. In the 17th year of Chongzhen, in order to avoid the peasant uprising army, he formally settled in Jinling and Yonghuai Hall, located in Nankusi Lane, Nanjing, Jiangsu today. This place was the place that was nicknamed "pants crotch" by the people. Dacheng lived in Nanjing and recruited a ranger to talk about war and swords, hoping that the court could meet with the border.
When the Ming Dynasty fell, Hongguang of the Southern Ming Dynasty was first established. Under the planning of his friend Ma Shiying, Ruan Dacheng entered the "Keywords of the Yangtze River" and finally obtained a high-ranking official of the Minister of War. However, the court attacked Dacheng with a rebellious case, and Dacheng was very regretful. When he saw that the officials from the rebellious capital had some support from Qingliu, he advocated: "If you attack the rebellious case, I will fight against him." Li Zicheng called Shun, so he conspired with Ma Shiying, and did a lot of activities that harmed loyal and kind, sold official positions and titles, and eliminated the differences. Unfortunately, the Hongguang regime only existed for about a year, and it was destroyed as the Qing army captured Nanjing. In limited politics
On the stage, the opportunity to perform with talented Ruan Dacheng was inevitably too short. Shortly after escaping from Nanjing, Ruan Dacheng, who knew the current affairs, went to Jianggan with a group of gangs to ask for surrender to the Qing people. After surrendering to the Qing people as a talented man, he sang songs for the Qing generals in the Qing army camp. "I immediately got up and held the board, paused my feet and sang to drink with the public. The northerners of the emperor did not care about Wu's voice, so he sang Yiyang's tune and nodded to praise the good. They all sighed, "Ruan Gong is a real talent." Later, he became the king's front driver and attacked Xianxia Pass from the Qing army and died on the stale servant stone. In the farce of the last scene of his life, he completed all the performances of a talented and unvirtuous literati.
KK looked at Dacheng's official career throughout his life, and it only lasted about two years. Due to his temporary greed, he left a hundred generations of infamous reputation. He should use any means to snatch those who sell official positions. However, although Dacheng is extremely poor, he is really literary and has a wide range of friends. During the period when he was released from his homeland, a group of famous scholars such as Shi Kefa, Wen Zhenmeng, Zhang Dai, and Fan Jingwen were all friends who Dacheng visited the banquet.
.This contains a large number of singing works in Ruan Dacheng's "He Xiao Collection" and "Yong Huai Tang Poems". Impressive works, such as Dacheng's "Yong Huai Tang Poems Outer Collection", have fourteen poems written in the Ancestral Age of the Age of Qi, including: "The star divine the sermon lying in the mountains, and the shadows make babies famous in the world, but if the battle in Yuguan is eliminated, why not let Huawu have deep cultivation." Also, "When you walk back and come back, don't guess each other in the grass tang, ape and crane, and the clouds are ashamed of not cultivating the treasures.
Who is abandoning the rain and dew?” Although it is a poem that describes the kind of reclusiveness, although it has resentment, it is not much, and it is indeed deeply rooted in the three flavors of returning to the mountain. The poem is not only beautiful, but also not out of reality, but it is completely in line with the gentle and honest poetry teaching. Dacheng is not only very literary in poetry writing, but also shows outstanding features in opera creation. For example, Mr. Chen Yinke believes that he is particularly good at writing. However, he uses it.
Drama to carry out political propaganda is also a creation of Dacheng. For example, Dacheng used the people in the opera "Double Gold List" to allude Donglin, Dongchang and himself, respectively, to defend himself innocently, and repeatedly confess his innocence. In another legend of Dacheng's "Munihe", there are even two different contents in the handed down version of the book. It should be the novel tricks Dacheng played to charm the powerful and noble.
KK commented on the merits and demerits of predecessors today, and no one should dismiss the words. Therefore, in Chen Yinke's last work "The Biography of Liu Rushi", there was a passage about Ruan Dacheng: "The character of Yuanhai has been determined in history, and there is no need to be discussed more. In the past, I read the collection of Yonghuaitang, and I was quite happy with it, thinking that it could be compared with Yan Weizhong's Qianshan and Wang Xiuwei's Yueguan, both of which are the best poems of the Ming Dynasty." Mr. Zhang Taiyan also commented: "Dacheng's five-character ancient poem is based on Wang Meng's intentions,
And Xie Ke's conciseness. The regulated verse is insignificant, and the seven-character poems are second to seven-character poems. However, there are few poets in the Ming Dynasty, such as Dacheng. Pan Yue and Song asked about the dangerous and deceitful questions and did not come from Dacheng, and his poems remain even today. A gentleman does not use others to dismiss words." Mr. Hu Xian (Ma Su) even called Dacheng "the only poet of the Ming Dynasty". In the "Chinese Literature Section" of the "Chinese Literature" in the "Legendary Playwrights of Qing Dynasty", Ruan Dacheng's name was also included in the "Qing Dynasty Legendary Playwright".
KK has been a lot of villains since ancient times, such as the Tang Dynasty poet Chen (Quanquan), Song Dynasty, and Sun Wei, Fang Hui, Cai Jing, Yan Hao, Zhao Fanghua and others in the Song Dynasty. In the era of rapid changes in society, it is especially common for such "elites" with poor character but outstanding literary talent. There are such figures in the past, but they don't know what changes will happen in the future. In everyone's short life, they will always leave their own traces in the long river of history. Looking at Ruan Dacheng's life, he failed his great literary talent because of the greed of profit. Mr. Lu Xun once pointed out: "If you want to talk about Chinese people, you must not be deceived by the self-deception powder you put on the surface, but look at his muscles and bones and backbone." Today, people should learn from history.
Shi Kefa (1601-1645), a politician and military strategist in the late Ming Dynasty. His courtesy name was Xianzhi, and his courtesy name was Daolin, and he was a native of Xiangfu (now Kaifeng, Henan).
During the Chongzhen period, he was appointed as the chief of Xi'an Prefecture. He served as the Minister of the Ministry of Revenue and the Langzhong. In the eighth year of Chongzhen (1639), he followed Lu Xiangsheng to suppress the uprising of peasant people in various places. In the tenth year of Zhang Guowei, he was promoted to the position of the chief censor, governor Anqing, Luzhou, Taiping, Chizhou and some prefectures in Huguang, Jiangxi, Henan. In the 14th year of Chongzhen, he was the governor of the grain transportation. In July of the 16th year of Chongzhen, he was appointed as the Minister of War in Nanjing and the Counselor of the Mechanical Affairs Office. In March of the 17th year of Chongzhen, Li was appointed as the Minister of War in Nanjing and the Counselor of the Ministry of War. In March of the 17th year of Chongzhen, Li was appointed as the Minister of War in Nanjing. In July of the 16th year of Chongzhen, he was appointed as the Minister of War in Nanjing and the Counselor of the Mechanical Affairs Office. Zicheng captured Beijing and after the establishment of the Hongguang regime, he was appointed as the Minister of Rites and the Grand Secretary of the Dongge, and was called the "Shige Department" at that time. At that time, he proposed to establish the four towns of Liu Zeqing, Liu Liangzuo, Gao Jie and Huang Degong in Jiangbei, and used Kefa as the Minister of War and in charge of Yangzhou. After the Qing army entered the pass, he advocated peace with him and jointly attacked Li Zicheng's peasant army. Later, he was excluded by Ma Shiying and others, so he supervised Huaiyang and tried his best to coordinate the generals of the four towns of Jiangbei to resist the Qing army.
In April of the second year of Shunzhi, Zuo Liangyu led hundreds of thousands of troops, and led troops from Wuhan to go east to clear the emperor. "Eliminate Ma Ruan", Ma Shiying actually slandered Shi Kefa to withdraw all the troops from Jiangwei to prevent Zuo Liangyu, so he had to go to Yanziji to help him and lead to air defense. Zuo Liangyu was defeated by Huang Degong, and Liangyu died of blood and the entire army surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. Shi Kefa was ordered to return north, and Xuyi surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and Sizhou City was trapped. Shi Kefa then went to Yangzhou and continued to resist the Qing army. On May 10, the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Duoduo, Prince Yu of Qing, surrounded Yangzhou, and Shi Kefa issued an edict to all towns to send troops to rescue. Liu Ze and Qing fled north to Huaian, and only a few troops including Liu Zhaoji arrived, and the defense was pale. At this time, Dorgon persuaded surrender, and Shi Kefa sent a letter to the "Reply of Dorgon" to refuse to surrender. Deputy General Shi Dewei and Shi Kefa followed him. In 2018, Kefa accepted Dewei as his adopted son and entrusted the matter to the future. On the 24th, the Qing army attacked the city with red cannons. At night, Yangzhou City was broken, Shi Kefa committed suicide and died. Everyone hugged the city tower and shouted, "I am the commander of Shi!" Duoduo persuaded surrender, Kefa said, "I am the destruction of the city and the death of the city. I am willing to dismantle thousands of pieces of the body. I am willing to accept it, but millions of creatures in Yangcheng cannot be killed!" Later, he was executed heroically. Duoduo was angry because the Qing army attacked the city suffered a lot of casualties and was angry and ordered the massacre of Yangzhou people. The massacre lasted for ten days and 800,000 people died, which was known in history as "Ten Days of Yangzhou". Twelve days after Shi Kefa's death, his body was unknown. The next year, Shi Dewei buried his clothes and hats in Meihualing outside Tianning Gate of Yangzhou City. Later, Quan Zuwang wrote "The Record of Meihualing" to describe this matter.
During the siege of the city, Dorgon persuaded surrender, and Shi Kefa wrote the famous "Reply to Dorgon": "Now the rebel thief has not been punished by the heavens, and the spy knows that the Western Qin is on the book, and they are seeking revenge. This is not only the dynasty of this dynasty of the heavens, but also the worries of the unfulfilled evil of the country. I beg for the friendship of the same hatred and the whole life of the whole life; join forces to investigate and punish Qin; we must exorcise the head of the rebel thief to relieve the anger of the heavens. Then the righteousness of the country will be heard and shines for thousands of years. This dynasty seeks to repay the country, but only the strength is to be seen." It is neither humble nor arrogant, and it has been passed down for generations. Another is "Collected by Shi Zhongzheng Gong".
Shi Kefa is a student of Zuo Guangdou. Fang Bao once wrote "The Anecdotes of Zuo Zhongyi" to describe the supportive emotions between Shi Kefa and his teacher Zuo Guangdou. He was naturally strong and had blood and tears.
Attached the full text of "The Anecdotes of Zuo Zhongyi" and the full text of "Reply to Dorgon"
The Anecdotes of Zuo Zhongyi
Fang Bao
The old gentleman once said that the ancestor Zuo Zhongyi, the hometown master, looked at the capital of the capital. One day, the wind and snow were severe and cold. He rode out several times and walked into the ancient temple. He lie down at his desk in the veranda, and the writing was just a piece of grass. After reading it, he immediately removed the sables and covered the house. When he knocked on the monks of the temple, the Shigong could do the trick. When he tried, the official called him the name of Shigong. The Duke looked at him in a sudden book and presented the book. He immediately signed the first place. He summoned him and asked his wife to be the wife, saying, "My children are busy, and I will continue my ambitions and work in the future, but this is my life."
When Zuo Gong was placed in the factory prison, Shi Chaoxi was outside the gate of the prison. The rebel eunuchs were very strict, and even the servants could not approach him. After a long time, he heard that Zuo Gong was burned and died every day. He held fifty gold and cried and planned to imprison the soldiers. The soldiers were moved. One day, Shi made him get worn out, covered with grass, and carried a basket, and his hands were long. In order to remove uncleanness, he introduced him. He pointed to the left Gong slightly, and then he leaned against the wall and sat on the ground, his forehead was burnt and unrecognizable, and his muscles and bones were all removed from the left knee. His prehistoric knees and sobbed. Gong identified the sound, and
He couldn't open his eyes, so he raised his arms and pointed his head with his eyes, his eyes were like a torch, and he said angrily, "I am a mediocre slave! Where is this? Before you come! The country's affairs have become corrupt, I am gone. You are now ignorant of the great righteousness. Who can support the affairs of the world? If you don't leave quickly, there is no need to be framed by the traitor, I will kill you now!" Because of the attacking force on the ground, Shi was silent and dared not speak out, so he walked out. Later, he often shed tears and talked to others, saying, "My teacher's lungs and livers are all made of iron and stone."
At the end of Chongzhen, the bandit Zhang Xianzhong appeared in Qi, Huang, Qian, and Tongjian. Shi Gong took the Fenglu Road to guard the command. Whenever there was a policeman, he would not go to bed for several months, so that the soldiers would rest, and sit outside the curtain. He chose ten healthy soldiers and asked them to squat and lean on them. If the drums were moved, they would be moved in different ways. Every cold night, he stood up, shaking clothes, and frost on his armor burst out, and there was a sound. Some people advised him to rest for a while, and the Duke said, "I am afraid that I am sorry for my teacher."
When Shi Gong was in charge of the army, he would work as the left-right Gong when he went to Tongcheng, and he would be the wife of the Left Gong, waiting for the Grand Duke and the Grand Mother to live in the living room.
Yu Zong Lao Tushan, the nephew of Zuo Gong, was kind to his ancestors, and said that he was talking in prison, so he personally got it from Shi Gong.
Reply to Dorgon's book
Shi Kefa
The governor of the Ming Dynasty, Minister of War and Grand Secretary of the Dongge, Shi Kefa, was the head of the head of the regent of the Qing Dynasty:
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Chapter completed!